Anatomy & Physiology - Study Guide for Lab Exam 2

Skeleteon: The body's framework - constructed with (2) tissues: cartiage & bone. Hyaline cartilage --> embryos. Connected at joints and articulation.
Axial skeleton: bones that lie around the body's center of gravity.
Appendicular skeleton: bones of the limbs or appendages.
Compact bone: looks smmoth and hoogeneous.
Spongy (Cancellous) bone: composed of small bars (trabeculae) of bone and lots of open space.
Long bones: generally consist of a shaft with heads at either end - composed predominatly of compact bone (ex. femur & phalanges).
Short bones: typically cube shaped, and they contain more spondy bone than compact bones (ex. tarsals and carpals).
Flat bones: thing with (2) waferlike layers of compact bone sandwiching a layer of spongy bone between them also they may be curved (ex. bones of the skull).
Irregular bones: (ex. invertebrae).
Sesamoid bones: special type of short bones formed in tendons (ex. patellas)
Wormian/Sutural bones: thiny bones between cranial bones (not included in the 206 bones).
Bone markings: reveal where bones from joints with othe rbones, where muscles, tendons and ligaments were attached and where blood vessels and nerves passed. (projections/processes and depressions/ cavities).
Diaphysis: the shaft of the long bone.
Periosteum: a layer of fibrous connective tissue covering the surface of a bone.
Perforating (sharpey's fibers) Fibers:
Osteoclasts: bone-destorying cells.
Osteoblasts: bone-forming cells.
Epiphysis: The end of the bone.
Articular cartilage: covers the epiphyseal surface in place of the periosteum/covers the bone ends at movable joints. Function: glassy hyaline carilage - provides a smooth surface to prevent friction at joint surfaces.
Epiphyseal plate: a think area of hyaline catilage that provides for longitudinal growth of the bone during youth.
Epiphyseal lines: a thin, barely discernible remnants of a bone replacement.
Yellow marrow: a storage region for adipose tissue.
Red marrow: forms blood cells, found in the marrow cavities.
Endosteum:Function: covers teh trabeculae of spongy bone and lines the canals of copact bone. It contains both osteoblasts and osteoclasts.
Central (Harversian) canal: runs parallel to the long axis of the bone and carries blood vessels, nerves and lymph vessels through the bony matrix.
Osteocytes: mature bone cells.
Lacunae (chambers):
Circumferential lamellae:
Interstitial lamellae: remnants of circumferential lamellae that have been broke down.
Osteon (Haversian system):
Canaliculi: tiny canals radiating outward from a central canal to the lacunae of the first lamella and then from lamella to lamella. Function: forms a dense transportation network through the hard bone matrix, connecting all the living cells of the osteon to the nutrient supply. Whatever is not acquired will be passed on to the osteocyte.
Perforating (Volkmann's) canal: canals that run into the compact bone and marrow cavity from the periosteum at the right angles to the shaft. Function: complete the communication pathway between teh bone interior and its external surface.
Dochondral ossification: uses hyaline cartilage 'bones' as patterns for bone formation.
Periosteal bud: blood vessels, nerves, red marrow elements, osteoblasts and osteoclasts. Function: invades the cavity, which becomes the medullary cavity.
Primary ossification center:
Costal cartilages: found connecting the ribs to the sternum (breastbone).
Laryngeal cartilages: which largely construct the larynx (voice box).
Tracheal and bronchial cartilage: reinforce other passageways of the reespiratory system.
Nasal cartilages: supports the external nose.
Intervertebral discs: which separate cushion bones of the spine (vertebrae)
Cartilage tissue: typically consists primarily of water and is fairly resilent.
Hyaline cartilage: looks like forsted glass when viewed by the unaided eye.
Elastic cartilage: can be envisioned as 'hyaline cartilage with more elastic fibers'. More flexible and it tolerates repeated bending better.
Fibrocartilage: consists of rows of chondrocytes alternating with rows of thick collagen fibers. Function: use to construct the intervertebral discs and the cartilages within teh knee joint makes a lot of sense.

Ex. 10
Skull: composed of two sets of bones.
Cranium: enclose and protectthe fagile brain tissue.
Facial bones: present the eyes in an anterior position and form the base for the facial muscles, which make it possible for us to present out feelings to the world.

Facial Bones
Mandible: the lower jawbone, which articulates with the etporal bones in the only freely movably joints of the skull.
Mandibular body: horizontal portion; forms the chin.
Mandibular ramus: Vertical extension of the body on either side.
Mandibular condyle: articulation point of the mandible with teh mandibular fossa of the temporal bone.
Coronoid process: jutting anterior portion of the armus; site of muscle attachment.
Mandibular angle: posterior poitn at which ramus meets the body.
Mental foramen: Prominent opening on the body (lateral to the midline) that transmits the mental blood vessels and nerve to the lower jaw.
Mandibular foramen: Open the lower jaw of the skull to identify this prominent foramen on the medial aspect of the mandibular ramus. This foramen permits passage of the nerve involved with tooth sensation (mandibular branch of cranial nerve V) and is the site where teh dentist injects Novocain to prevent pain while working on the lower teeth.
Alveolar margin: superior margin of mandibly; contains sockets in which the teeth lie.
Mandibular symphysis: anterior median depression indicating point of mandibular fusion.
Maxillae: (2) bones fused in a median suture; form the upperjawbone and part of the orbits. All facial bones, except the mandible, join the maxillae. Thus they are the main or keystone, bones of the face.
Alveolar margin: Inferior margin containing sockets (alveoli) in which teeth lie.
Palatine processes: form the anterior hard palate.
Infraorbital foramen: opening under the orbit carrying the infraorbital nerves and blood vessels to the nasal region.
Incisive fossa: large bilateral opening loated posterior to the central incisor tooth of the maxilla and piercing the hard palate; transmits the nasopalatine arteries and blood vessels.
Palatine bone: paired bones posterior to the palatine processes; form posterior hard palate and part of the orbit.
Zygomatic bone: Lateral to the maxilla; forms the portion of the face commonly called the cheekbone, and forms part of the lateral orbit, its (3) processes are named for the bones with which they articulate.
Lacrimal bone: finger-nail-sized bones forming a part of the medial orbit walls between teh maxilla and the ethnmoid . Each lacrimal bone is pierced by an opening, the lacrimal fossa, which serves as a passageway for tears.
Nasal bone: small rectangular bones forming the bridge of the nose.
Vomer: blade-shaped bone in median plane of nasal cavity that forms the posterior and inferior nasal septum.
Inferior nasal conchae (turbinates): Thin curved bones protruding medially from the lateral walls of the nasal cavity; serve the same purpose as the turbinate portions of the ethmoid bone.
Hyoid bone: Location: throat above the larynx. Function: point of attachment with many tongue and neck muscles. Horse-shoe shaped with a body and two pairs of horns or Cornua.
Sinusitis: inflammation of the sinuses, somethinges occurs a result of an allergy or bacterial invasion of the sinus cavities. Passageways between the sinuses and nasal passages become blocked with thick mucus or infectious material.
Vertebral column: extending from the skull to the pelvis, forms teh body's major axial support. Function: it surrounds and protects the delicate spinal cord while allowing the spinal nerves to issue from the cord via openings between adjacent vertebrae.
Vertebrae: (24) single bones. 7/24 are cervical vertebrae. 12/24 are thoracic vertebrae. 5/24 are lumbar vertebrae.
Intervertebral discs: vertebrae are separated by pads of fibrocartilage. Function: cushion the vertebrae and absorb shocks. Each disc is compaed of two major regions, a central gelantinous nucleus pulposus that behaves like a fluid and an outer ring of encircling collagen fibers called the annulus fibrosus that stabilizes the disc and contains teh pulposus.
Ruptured discs